1. The amniotic fluid is involved in all of the following except:

a. Permitting fetal movement.
b. Providing some nutrition and essential nutrients.
c. Increasing the risk of infection if bacteria enters the amniotic cavity
d. Protecting the fetus from external trauma.
e. Helping to maintain a stable embryonic temperature.

2. The factors involved in regulating amniotic fluid volume include


a. Intramembranous flow.
b. Fetal swallowing.
c. Transmembranous flow.
d. All of the above.


3. The amniotic fluid index is determined by:

a. averaging the vertical and transverse dimensions of the two largest pockets of amniotic fluid.
b. Summing the largest transverse pocket of amniotic fluid within each quadrant of the uterus.
c. Averaging the sum of the largest vertical pocket of amniotic fluid from each uterine quadrant
d. Summing the largest vertical pocket of amniotic fluid, free of umbilical cord, within each quadrant of the uterus.

4. Oligohydramnios is associated with all of the following except:

a. Fetal anomalies.
b. Macrosomia.
c. Intrauterine growth restriction .
d. Post-term pregnancies.

5. Oligohydramnios is associated with:

a. Fetal duodenal atresia.
b. Use of prostagladin synthetase inhibitors
c. Use of beta-sympathomimetics to inhibit labor.
d. Fetal sacrococcygeal teratoma.


6. The ultrasound definition of oligohydramnios includes:

a. A single pocket < 2.0 cm by 2.0 cm.
b. An amniotic fluid index < 5.0 cm.
c. A single pocket < 1.0 cm.
d. Gestational age dependent amniotic fluid index between 6.3-7.9 cm.
e. All of the above.

7. All of the following statements about oligohydraminios are correct except:

a. There is a direct relationship between the decrease in amniotic fluid volume and the prevalence of intrauterine growth restriction.
b. There is a relationship between the diminishing placental function of postmaturity and a reduction in amniotic fluid volume.
c. Pregnancies with oligohydramnios have a unimodal distribution with the majority of cases occurring in the second trimester.
d. Skeletal deformities associated with oligohydramnios are due to the prolonged construction of fetal movement.

8. All of the following statements concerning oligohydramnios are correct except:
a. Fetuses with second trimester oligohydramnios have a 50% survival rate.
b. The majority of congenital anomalies associated with oligohydramnios involve the urinary tract.
c. Early symmetrical growth restriction and oligohydramnios should suggest a possible karyotypic abnormality.
d. Transvaginal sonography is an effective means of evaluating fetal anatomy when there is oligohydramnios.

9. Reported complications associated with oligohydramnios include:

a. Fetal demise.
b. Pulmonary hypoplasia.
c. Facial deformities.
d. None of the above.
e. All of the above.

10. The perinatal mortality associated with a single pocket of amniotic fluid of between 1.0-2.0 cm is:

a. 1.97/1000
b. 37.7/1000
c. 109/1000
d. none of the above.