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Sonographic Assessment of the Umbilical Cord


1. Factors that determine umbilical cord length include:

a. Fetal movement

b. Growth of the umbilical arteries

c. Velocity of the blood flow through the umbilical vessels

 

2. Which of the following umbilical cord cysts do not have an epithelial lining:

a. Allantoic cysts

b. Pseudocyst

c. Omphalomesenteric duct cyst

 

3. First trimester umbilical cord cysts that resolve before the second trimester have been associated with an increase in karyotypic abnormalities:

a. True

b. False

 

4. All of the following statements about umbilical cord coiling are correct, except:

a. Coiling is established by the end of the first trimester

b. Differential blood flow within the umbilical arteries is partly responsible for umbilical cord coiling

c. Coiling makes the cord less resistant to compression

d. Overcoiling is associated with intrauterine growth restriction

 

5. All of the following statements about two vessel umbilical cords are correct, except:

a. The umbilical arteries originate from the left and right common iliac arteries

b. The incidence of a single umbilical artery is higher at term than in the first trimester

c. Umbilical artery fusion may occur along the umbilical cord

d. The number of vessels around the fetal bladder always reflects the number of umbilical arteries in the umbilical cord

 

6. All of the following statements about two vessel umbilical cords are correct, except:

a. A two vessel umbilical cord is associated with karyotypic abnormalities

b. A two vessel umbilical cord is associated with other structural abnormalities

c. A two vessel umbilical cord is associated with acardiac twins

d. A two vessel umbilical cord is associated with macrosomia

 

7.  All of the following statements about a two vessel umbilical cord are correct, except:

a. The single umbilical artery with sirenomelia is due to the atrophy of the right umbilical vein

b. The rate of stillbirth is increased in structurally and karyotypically normal fetuses with a two vessel umbilical cord

c. Trisomy 18 is the most common aneuploidy associated with a two vessel umbilical cord

d. There is less Wharton's jelly surrounding a single umbilical artery



8. All of the following statements about velamentous cord insertions are correct, except:

a. Velamentous cord insertions are devoid of Wharton's jelly

b. Velamentous cord insertions occur more frequently in dichorionic, in contrast to monochorionic, twins

c. A velamentous cord insertion is associated with an increased prevalence of fetal heart rate abnormalities

d. A velamentous cord insertion is associated with an increased prevalence of low birth weight


9. All of the following statements about a velamentous cord insertion are correct, except:

a. Velamentous cord insertions are associated with an increased risk of preterm delivery

b. A velamentous cord insertion in the lower uterine segment has a higher rate of non- reassuring fetal heart rate patterns than velamentous cord insertions in the fundus

c. A velamentous cord insertion in the fundus of the uterus is generally longer than a velamentous cord insertion in the lower uterine segment

d. Velamentous cord insertions are associated with an increased rate of emergency cesarean section


10. The following statements about vasa previa are correct, except:

a. A marginal placenta previa in a second trimester may result in a vasa previa

b. The prevalence of vasa previa is increased with multiple gestations

c. In-vitro fertilization is associated with an increased risk of vasa previa

d. The sonographic determination of the umbilical cord insertion into the placenta will exclude a diagnosis of vasa previa




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